electron multiplying ccd camera the imagem x2 is an extremely versatile camera that quietly delivers 70 frames/s at full frame and up to 1076 frames/s with analog binning and regions of interest. with very high signal to noise in near dark conditions and extremely low dark current, the imagem x2 enables quantitative ultra-low light imaging both for long integration times and at high speed. with em gain off, the extremely deep full well capacity can extract information from the lowest contrast bright images. additional new features allow for optimized camera triggering, on-board for em gain protection, streamlined connectivity through ieee1394b, improved overall signal to noise and increased non-em dynamic range. hamamatsu has taken the beloved 512 512 em-ccd sensor and created a masterfully redesigned camera that delivers maximum speed and precision performance. multiply faster 70 frames/s high-speed readout at full resolution 1076 frames/s at sub-array16 pixel, 4 4 binning r
with large pixels, high qe, and relatively zero readout noise, em-ccd technology performs in low light conditions. how low light? when you've got fewer than 10 photons per pixel between the sample and background, em-ccds are the perfect tool for the job, delivering the best snr of any camera technology. for high mag, biologically relevant applications with routine exposure times of 10 ms to 30 ms, the sample is likely emitting hundreds to thousands of photons per pixel. but with faster speeds come shorter exposure times, risking the ability to capture more than tens of photons per pixel in one shot and therefore pushing the application into the ultra-low light zone. the imagem x2 makes these super-fast exposures possible and has the sensitivity to provide visually pleasing and quantitatively meaningful images in a photon-starved environment. hungry for photons new features faster readout lower readout noise mechanical shutter em gain measurement and calibration corner readout binning 512 70.4 131 231 256 133 238 389 128 241 400 588 64 405 606 794 32 613 813 962 16 820 981 1076 1 1 2 2 4 4 effective vertical width (sub-array) (unit: frames/s) binning 512 70.4 131 231 256 133 238 389 128 285 456 645 64 495 699 863 32 741 901 981 16 893 981 1076 1 1 2 2 4 4 effective vertical width (sub-array) (unit: frames/s) 36 electrons (at 22 mhz ) 25 electrons (at 11 mhz ) 8 electrons (at 0.6875 mhz ) 1 electron max. (at 22 mhz ) 1 electron max. (at 11 mhz ) 1 electron max. (at 0.6875 mhz ) 8 electrons (at 0.6875 mhz ) em gain 4 em gain 1200 readout noise (rms) (typ.) em-ccd readout normal ccd readout by clocking pixel readout at 22 mhz, the imagem x2 is able to achieve 70 frames/s with full frame resolution. that's more than 2x the original imagem and is faster than any commercially available camera using the sensor. in any image sensor, faster readout means increased readout noise. yet readout noise is considered irrelevant for em-ccds because of the em gain. remarkably, the imagem x2, even before applying em gain, has faster speed and lower read noise than its predecessor. but didn t we just say readout noise in em-ccd was irrelevant? yes, in snr equations this is true. however, if the primary purpose of em gain is to overcome readout noise, then this will be accomplished with less gain in the imagem x2 and less voltage in the em register, translating into theoretically more stable em gain calibrations and greater sensor longevity. the ima gem x2 e xpertly handles a wide r ang e of applications fr om bright light, om bright light, low contrast to ultra-low light imaging. the imagem x2 includes an integrated mechanical shutter in order to protect the camera from em gain degradation and to lessen afterimage effects. the mechanical shutter is software controlled. gain aging is a known and expected process in em technology. even when every care is taken to minimize gain aging, use of the camera in em mode, especially with high gains or high intensity light, can degrade the gain. since this is a use- dependent phenomenon, it's important to know when it's happened and to have the ability to easily recalibrate. these two functions in the imagem x2 make this crucial maintenance of the camera software accessible and user friendly. by selectively imaging at the edge of the sensor, closest to the read register of the chip, it is possible to achieve even greater speeds of small rois. clock: 22 mhz clock: 22 mhz
ieee 1394b connectivity sma triggering ports output signal can be indicated in "electrons" instead of pixel ad counts in application software. applications protein-protein interaction calcium waves in cell networks and intracellular ion flux real time spinning disk confocal microscopy single molecule imaging with tirf microscopy fluorescence in-vivo blood cell microscopy gene expression imaging using luminescence the data rates of the imagem x2 are well suited to the trusted and easy to use 1394b connectivity. the imagem x2 expertly handles a wide range of applications fr low contr om bright light, low contr ast to ultr a-low light ima ging . in its new incarnation, the imagem x2 sports four shiny and compact sma ports, one for input of an external trigger and three for output to other devices. these ports can be used to access an array of triggering options including three additional features: programmable trigger input/output, trigger delay and trigger ready. there is no denying that em- ccd technology offers the best snr for ultra-low light imaging, and the imagem x2 offers the fastest speeds combined with multiple engineering enhancements to allow you to make the most of this technology. black clip / white clip function it enables setting an upper or lower threshold of intensity. if there is a brighter or darker location than a sample of interes t in an image, this function allows clipping the upper limit or lower limit of intensity to make auto lut function work effectively. cooling status output the camera indicates when it has reached the target cooling temperature. direct electron display image example: real time confocal imaging em gain: 150 exposure time: 10 ms effective number of pixels: 512 512 binning: 1 1 objective lens: 40 confocal unit: csu-w1 excitation laser: 561 nm fast imaging of mouse brain cell with cy3 imaged with confocal scanner unit
wavelength (nm) quantum efficiency (%) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 highly stabilized control of sensor temperature with either water or forced-air cooling optimized sensor drive methods significantly reduce the clock induced charge (cic) dark current consists of thermal charge and clock induced charge (cic). cic will dominate the dark charge in the images taken at short exposure time, and thermal charge will dominate the dark charge in images taken at longer exposures. the camera is adjusted to use the optimized drive method suitable to the scan speed. the biologist doesn't have to think about cic optimization for long or short exposures. the camera handles it automatically. the dark current of a ccd depends on the temperature, and it decreases by half when the temperature drops by approximately 7 to 8 ?c. therefore, cooling a ccd is a very good way to reduce dark current noise. the imagem x2's stable cooling enables stable output and its water cooling minimizes dark current. water or forced-air cooling is selectable for any application, and optimal cooling temperature can be set in each cooling mode. minimal dark noise is another benefit of stable cooling performance intensity profile of horizontal line if drive is not optimized with scan speed. optimized drive with scan speed comparison of noise: comparison of two clock induced charge images high qe low noise (em gain: 1200x, exposure time: 30 ms, no light, enlarged 100 x 100 pixel region) high sensitivity high em gain of maximum 1200 em gain feature is ideal for live cell imaging because of shorter exposure times and reduced excitation light levels. conventional cooled ccd camera imagem x2 comparison of sensitivity with conventional camera: luminescence imaging of hela cells expressing renilla luciferase. the beloved 512 512 em-ccd sensor provides over 90% peak qe.
example of baseline variance examples of temperature stability and em gain stability temperature stability em gain stability great stability highly stabilized em gain by cooling temperature control stability of mean bias value (digitizer offset) maintaining stable cooling temperature is essential to stable gain settings required for superior performance in long duration imaging and analysis. very precise control of the cooling temperature in the imagem x2 is a key benefit. em gain protection it is important to operate the camera in ways that minimize the rate of gain aging and extend the life of the camera. the imagem x2 protects em gain in two levels: em gain warning and em gain protection. em gain protection mode stops charge transfer through the em gain register when excessive output conditions have occurred which may damage the sensor. em gain readjustment * over time all em-ccd cameras exhibit gain degradation. the em gain can be readjusted by raising the voltage in the multiplying register. the em gain readjustment can be done by software which comes with the camera. however, the number of times the em gain can be readjusted is limited. *this feature is available when the camera is operated with dcam-api. (dcam-api is a software driver which supports hamamatsu digital cameras.) the baseline is constant over time providing signal stability for long term measurements. temperature stability: 0.01 ?c clock:22 mhz cooling temperature: ?5 ?c air cool, ambient temperature: +20 ?c em gain stability: 1 % cooling method: air cooled clock: 22 mhz em gain: 4 exposure time: 13.93 ms no light clock:22 mhz cooling temperature: ?5 ?c air cool, ambient temperature: +20 ?c elapse time (min) elapse time (min) elapse time (min) cooling temp. ( ?c ) offset stability offset stability (a/d count) em gain stability (%)
this is a unique technology to improve image quality at very low light level to overcome the limitation of excess noise factor from the electron multiplying process. this mode is most useful for signal levels at which maximum em gain has no apparent signal or very little signal. the mode preserves quantitative linear signal output and also improves spatial resolution at very low light levels. the following real time processing functions are available. effective for reducing fluorescence in image backgrounds. sample of photon imaging mode fluorescence beads imaged with reduced excitation light intensity. (exposure time: 30.5 ms, em gain: 1200 ) photon imaging mode off photon imaging mode on background subtraction this feature provides random noise elimination in an image by weighted time based averaging. recursive filter this feature corrects the shading or uneven illumination in microscope images or other illumination systems. this feature provides noise elimination in an image by simple frame averaging and less ?fterimage?effect than the recursive f ilter. frame averaging shading correction spot noise reducer this image processing function operates on random spots of intensity by comparing incoming images and eliminating signals that meet the criteria for noise in one image but not in others. this processing eliminates noise elements like cosmic rays. select a readout mode for optimal image acquisition based on the sample brightness or desired frame rate or exposure time. sample of normal-ccd readout sample of em-ccd readout objective lens: uapo/340 20 exposure time: 5 minutes cooling method: water cooled (-80 ?c ) binning: 2 2 em-ccd readout dr. kenji nagai, dr. kenta saito hokkaido univ. nikon imaging center data courtesy of: objective lens: 100 em gain: 300 exposure time: 100 ms confocal unit: csu by yokogawa electric co. cfp/yfp fret: 2 wavelength imaging, w-view optics a8509 z scan: 19 slices/2.5 s piezoelectric z stage an often overlooked benefit of em-ccd technology is the ability to utilize the camera as a standard ccd. in non-em mode, there is no effect of excess noise, and the large full well capacity and high dynamic range are ideal for bright light applications that have large intrascene dynamic range. the imagem x2 provides a low read noise non-em mode that can be an ideal choice for such applications. selectable readout modes normal-ccd readout for short exposure, high sensitivity imaging for high dynamic range imaging confocal calcium ion imaging of hela cells expressing yellow chameleon 3.6. this image shows changes of histamine stimulated calcium ion with two z positions and four time lapse. luminescence imaging of hela cells expressing renilla luciferase. photon imaging mode on-board image processing
specifications em-ccd readout normal-ccd readout em-ccd readout normal ccd readout c9100-23b(imagem x2) hermetic vacuum-sealed air/water-cooled head anti-reflection (ar) coatings on both sides, single window yes electron multiplying back-thinned frame transfer ccd 512 (h) 512 (v) 16 m (h) 16 m (v) 8.19 mm (h) 8.19 mm (v) 22 mhz, 11 mhz, 0.6875 mhz 0.6875 mhz 4 to 1200 photon imaging mode (1, 2, 3) 70.4 frames/s to 1076 frames/s 36 electrons (at 22 mhz ) 25 electrons (at 11 mhz ) 8 electrons (at 0.6875 mhz ) 1 electron max. (at 22 mhz ) 1 electron max. (at 11 mhz ) 1 electron max. (at 0.6875 mhz ) 8 electrons (at 0.6875 mhz ) 370 000 electrons (cic serious consideration) 140 000 electrons (full well capacity serious consideration) 1 0.5 , 1 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 -65 ?c stabilized (0 ?c to +30 ?c) -75 ?c (room temperature : stable at +20 ?c, no binning) -80 ?c (room temperature: stable at +20 ?c ) -80 ?c stabilized (water temperature: +20 ?c) -100 ?c (water temperature: lower than +10 ?c) 0.01 ?c 0.005 electron/pixel/s 0.0005 electron/pixel/s 0.0015 events/pixel/frame 13.9 ms to 1 s (22 mhz) 27.2 ms to 2 h (11 mhz) 421.5 ms to 2 h (0.6875 mhz) 10 s to 1 s (22 mhz) 10 s to 2 h (11 mhz, 0.6875 mhz) 16 bit ieee1394b every 16 lines (horizontal, vertical) size, position can be set 2 2, 4 4, 8 8, 16 16 edge trigger, level trigger, start trigger, synchronous readout trigger exposure timing output, programmable timing output (delay and pulse length are variable.) , trigger ready output background subtraction, shading correction, recursive filter, frame averaging, spot noise reducer em warning mode, em protection mode available c-mount ac 100 v to 240 v, 50 hz / 60 hz approx. 140 va -10 ?c to + 50 ?c 0 ?c to + 40 ?c 0 ?c to + 30 ?c 70 % max. (with no condensation) type number camera head type window ar mask imaging device effective number of pixels cell size effective area pixel clock rate em (electron multiplying) gain (typ.) ultra-low light detection fastest readout speed readout noise (rms) (typ.) full well capacity (typ.) analog gain cooling method / temperature temperature stability (typ.) dark current (typ.) clock induced charge (typ.) exposure time a/d converter output signal / external control sub-array binning external trigger mode trigger output image processing features (real-time) em gain protection em gain readjustment lens mount power requirements power consumption ambient storage temperature ambient operating temperature performance guaranteed temperature ambient operating/storage humidity em gain 4 em gain 1200 at temperature control at slow scan at maximum cooling typ. at temperature control at maximaum cooling typ. forced- air cooled water cooled forced-air cooled (-65 ?c) water cooled (-80 ?c) internal synchronus mode external trigger mode em-ccd mode normal-ccd mode the hermetic sealed head maintains a high degree of vacuum, 10 -8 torr, without re-evacuation. even with electron multiplying gain maximum, dark signal is kept at a low level during low light imaging. linearity is not assured when full well capacity is over 370 000 electrons, because of ccd performance. the cooling temperature may not reach to this temperature; it depends on the operation condition. water volume 0.5 liter/min. typical thermal charge value (not guaranteed) . image smearing may appear when the exposure time is short. 8 8 and 16 16 binning are available on special order. please consult with our sales office. c-mos 3.3 v with reversible polarity. recursive filter, frame averaging, and spot noise reducer cannot be used simultaneously. em-ccd readout normal ccd readout 22 mhz 11 mhz/0.6875 mhz * 1 * 6 * 5 * 7 * 3 * 2 * 4 * 9 * 8 * 10 * 1 * 6 * 5 * 7 * 3 * 2 * 4 * 9 * 8 * 10 * 9
imagem x2 em-ccd camera set cat. no. scas0092e02 mar/2013 hpk created in japan subject to local technical requirements and regulations, availability of products included in this promotional material may var y. please consult your local sales representative. information furnished by hamamatsu is believed to be reliable. however, no responsibility is assumed for possible inaccuracies or omissions. specifications and external appearance are subject to change without notice. ? 2013 hamamatsu photonics k.k. imagem is registered trademark of hamamatsu photonics k.k. (eu, japan, u.k., u.s.a.) hcimage is registered trademark of photonics management corp. (australia, china, eu, japan, norway, singapore, switzerland, u.s .a.) product and software package names noted in this documentation are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective manu facturers. hamamatsu photonics k.k. hamamatsu photonics k.k., systems division 812 joko-cho, higashi-ku, hamamatsu city, 431-3196, japan, telephone: (81)53-431-0124, fax: (81)53-435-1574, e-mail: export@sys .hpk.co.jp u.s.a.: hamamatsu corporation: 360 foothill road, p. o. box 6910, bridgewater. n.j. 08807-0910, u.s.a., telephone: (1)908-231-0960, fa x: (1)908-231-1218 e-mail: usa@hamamatsu.com germany: hamamatsu photonics deutschland gmbh: arzbergerstr. 10, d-82211 herrsching am ammersee, germany, telephone: (49)8152-375-0, f ax: (49)8152-2658 e-mail: info@hamamatsu.de france: hamamatsu photonics france s.a.r.l.: 19, rue du saule trapu, parc du moulin de massy, 91882 massy cedex, france, telephone: (3 3)1 69 53 71 00, fax: (33)1 69 53 71 10 e-mail: infos@hamamatsu.fr united kingdom: hamamatsu photonics uk limited: 2 howard court, 10 tewin road welwyn garden city hertfordshire al7 1bw, united kingdom, teleph one: 44-(0)1707-294888, fax: 44(0)1707-325777 e-mail: info@hamamatsu.co.uk north europe: hamamatsu photonics norden ab: thorshamnsgatan 35 se-164 40 kista, sweden, telephone: (46)8-509-031-00, fax: (46)8-509-031-01 e-mail: info@hamamatsu.se italy: hamamatsu photonics italia: s.r.l.: strada della moia, 1/e, 20020 arese, (milano), italy, telephone: (39)02-935 81 733, fax: (39)02-935 81 741 e-mail: info@hamamatsu.it china: hamamatsu photonics (china) co., ltd.: 1201 tower b, jiaming center, 27 dongsanhuan road north, chaoyang district, beijing 100 020, china, telephone: (86)10-6586-6006, fax: (86)10-6586-2866 e-mail: hpc@hamamatsu.com.cn www.hamamatsu.com camera head (approx. 3.5 kg) unit: mm lens standard option microscope video camera attachment (c-mount) computer commercially available software imagem x2 circulating water cooler computer frame grabber board hose set a10788-04 configuration example dimensional outlines options 110 1 111 1 55.5 1 1-32unc c-mount d=5 215 2 76 0.5 25.5 1 156 0.5 4-m4 d=4 please contact your local hamamatsu sales office or distributor regarding actual configuration. binning option: m10354-03 sma-bnc cable: a12106-05 sma-sma cable: a12107-05 hose set: a10788-04 imagem x2 baseplate: a12263-01 ac adapter
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